Moving PK/PD From Basic Towards Systems Pharmacology

PK/PD modeling has blossomed in concepts and applications over the past 20 years owing to the development of basic model components dealing with simple and complex pharmacology and turnover and homeostasis functions leading to indirect responses, irreversible effect processes, nonlinear and time-dependent transduction, and diverse adaptation mechanisms. These elements often form building blocks in the assembly of small to larger systems pharmacology models which may include alterations due to various disease effects.